Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements continued Thousands of Georgian Lari 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies continued Subordinated debt Subordinated debt represents long-term funds attracted by the Bank on international financial markets or domestic market. The holders of subordinated debt would be subordinate to all other creditors to receive repayment of debt in case of the Bank’s liquidation. Subordinated debt is carried at amortised cost. Leases i.Finance – Group as lessor Leases that transfer substantially all the risks and benefits incidental to ownership of the lease item to the lessee are classified as finance leases. The Group recognises finance lease receivables in the consolidated statement of financial position at a value equal to the net investment in the lease, starting from the date of commencement of the lease term. In calculating the present value of the minimum lease payments, the discount factor used is the interest rate implicit in the lease. Initial direct costs are included in the initial measurement of the finance lease receivables. Lease payments received are apportioned between the finance income and the reduction of the outstanding lease receivable. Finance income is based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment outstanding. ii. Operating – Group as lessee Leases of assets under which the risks and rewards of ownership are effectively retained by the lessor are classified as operating leases. Lease payments under an operating lease are recognised as expenses on a straight-line basis over the lease term and included in other administrative and operating expenses. iii. Operating – Group as lessor The Group presents assets subject to operating leases in the consolidated statement of financial position according to the nature of the asset. Lease income from operating leases is recognised in the consolidated income statement on a straight-line basis over the lease term as other income. The aggregate cost of incentives provided to lessees is recognised as a reduction of rental income over the lease term on a straight-line basis. Initial direct costs incurred specifically to earn revenues from an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset. Impairment of financial assets Changes to the impairment estimation The adoption of IFRS 9 has fundamentally changed the Group’s accounting for loan loss impairment by replacing IAS 39’s incurred loss approach with the forward-looking expected credit loss (ECL) approach. IFRS 9 requires the Group to record ECL on all of its debt financial assets at amortised cost or FVOCI, finance lease receivables, as well as loan commitments and financial guarantees. The allowance is based on the ECL associated with the probability of default in the next 12 months unless there has been a significant increase in credit risk since origination, in which case the allowance is based on the ECL over the life of the asset. If the financial asset meets the definition of purchased or originated credit impaired, the allowance is based on the change in the lifetime ECL. Details of the Group’s impairment method and quantitative impact of applying IFRS 9 as at 1 January 2018 are disclosed below. From 1 January 2018 the Group recorded the allowance for expected credit loss for all debt instruments that are measured at amortised cost, debt instruments at FVOCI and for financial guarantees, letter of credits and other financial commitments (hereafter collectively referred to as “financial instruments”). This contrasts to the IAS 39 impairment model which was not applicable to off balance sheet financial commitments, as these were instead covered by IAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. The Group applies the simplified approach for trade, lease and other receivables and contract assets and records lifetime expected losses on them. The determination of impairment losses and allowance moves from an incurred credit loss model whereby credit losses are recognised when a defined loss event occurs under IAS 39, to an expected credit loss model under IFRS 9, where provisions are taken upon initial recognition of the financial instruments. Under IFRS 9, the Group first evaluates individually whether objective evidence of impairment exists for loans that are individually significant. It then collectively assesses loans that are not individually significant and loans which are significant but for which there is no objective evidence of impairment available under the individual assessment. 192 Annual Report 2018Bank of Georgia Group PLC